Dear Scott,
An immediate vomiting could be as a result of a stomach ulcer.. it could also be as a result of partial obstruction of the stomach, another possibility is a gastroesophageal reflux that can lead to sudden vomits after eating food.
An episode of food posioning per se cannot lead to this complication, though it is possible that the previous episode may not have been just a simple food poisoning, but the start of one of these illnesses....
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regards
Dr. Gupta